猫科动物病毒

Part 1 ：猫瘟病毒（Feline Panleukopenia Virus, FPV）

猫瘟病毒FPV又称猫细小病毒，病死率一般为60％～70％，幼猫或体弱猫咪死亡率可达90％以上。是猫病毒性疾病里死亡率最高的疾病，且具有高度传染性。疾病的严重程度取决于年龄、免疫状态和并发疾病等因素，在一些具有免疫能力的年轻或成年猫中，亚临床感染可能很普遍。FPV病毒可以通过粪便、尿液、呕吐物等传播，还能通过猫妈妈垂直传播给胎儿。

FPV is also known as feline parvovirus, the case fatality rate is generally 60% ~ 70%, and the mortality rate of young or weak cats can reach more than 90%. It has the highest mortality rate among feline viral diseases and is highly infectious. The severity of the disease depends on factors such as age, immune status, and co-morbidities, and subclinical infections can be prevalent in some immunocompetent young or adult cats. The FPV virus can be transmitted through feces, urine, vomit, etc., and can also be transmitted vertically from a mother cat to a fetus.

FPV病毒非常稳定，对外界环境抵抗力很强，4～10℃的环境状态下室内可以存活六个月左右。在室温，用漂白剂（5.25%次氯酸钠）稀释液、4%甲醛、过氧乙酸等10分钟内可灭活FPV病毒。感染FPV患猫的主要表现为泛白细胞减少、严重的胃肠道反应。疾病潜伏期一般为2至10天，患猫会出现发热、嗜睡、虚弱和食欲不振等非特异性临床症状，以及频繁呕吐、水样到出血性腹泻，体重迅速下降，出现严重脱水。由FPV继发的细菌感染也是一大威胁。患猫的死亡通常是由脱水、电解质失衡、低血糖、出血等并发症引起的。

FPV virus is very stable and has strong resistance to the external environment. It can survive for about six months indoors at 4 ~ 10℃. At room temperature, FPV virus can be inactivated within 10 minutes by using diluent of bleach (5.25% sodium hypochlorite), 4% formaldehyde, or peracetic acid. The main manifestations of FPV infection in cats are panleukopenia and severe gastrointestinal reactions. The incubation period is generally 2 to 10 days, and cats will experience non-specific clinical symptoms such as fever, lethargy, weakness, and loss of appetite, as well as frequent vomiting, watery to bloody diarrhea, rapid weight loss, and severe dehydration. Bacterial infections secondary to FPV are also a threat. Death in affected cats is usually caused by complications such as dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, hypoglycemia, and bleeding.

一旦发现猫咪出现上述症状，应及时到医院就诊，进行猫瘟病毒的抗原检测及抗体检查。对于多猫家庭，一旦出现确诊患猫，应首先应对其他猫咪进行必要的检查以排查感染，隔离患猫，并对患猫咪使用的器具进行消毒。避免猫咪感染FPV的最佳的方式是提前预防，定期正确、有效的注射疫苗，确保疫苗起到保护作用。目前没有证据猫瘟能够传染给人类。

Once the cat has the above symptoms, it should go to the hospital in time for antigen detection and antibody examination of cat plague virus. In a household with multiple cats, once a cat is confirmed to be infected, other cats should first be examined as necessary to detect infection, the cat should be isolated, and utensils used by the cat should be disinfected. The best way to prevent FPV infection in your cat is to prevent it in advance, and to vaccinate. There is currently no evidence that cat plague can be transmitted to humans.

Part 2 ：猫传染性腹膜炎病毒（feline infectious peritonitis virus，FIPV）

猫传染性腹膜炎是由FIPV引起的渐近性、高致死性的传染性疾病，是幼年猫和成年猫的主要死亡原因之一，可能由于动物体况、机体免疫应答、外界环境因素及病毒基因突变等多种因素导致发病。猫传染性腹膜炎潜伏期短至2-3周，多数为6-18个月，少数长达36个月，早期症状表现为食欲和体重下降、精神沉郁、持续发热（抗生素治疗无效）、嗜睡等。FIPV是一种有囊膜冠状病毒，对外界理化因素抵抗能力弱，对热敏感，紫外线、75%酒精等大部分消毒剂均可将其灭活。 现在诊断的金标准为免疫组化和免疫荧光染色法，但这对诊断试剂、设备及临床医生的操作有较高要求，也有一定临床局限性。故临床多通过病史调查、体格检查、临床症状、实验室检查、影像学检查的方式综合诊断，一旦怀疑该疾病，会通过取患猫病患处的典型样本，如胸/腹腔积液、腹腔淋巴结等进行抗原核酸的检测。

Feline infectious peritonitis is an asymptotic and highly fatal infectious disease caused by FIPV, which is one of the main causes of death in young and adult cats. It may be caused by animal body condition, immune response, external environmental factors, and virus gene mutation. The incubation period of feline infectious peritonitis is as short as 2-3 weeks, 6-18 months in most cases, and 36 months in a few cases. Early symptoms include loss of appetite and weight, depression, persistent fever (which does not respond to antibiotic treatment), lethargy, etc. FIPV is a capsulated coronavirus with weak resistance to external physical and chemical factors, and it is sensitive to heat. It can be inactivated by most disinfectants, such as ultraviolet light and 75% alcohol. At present, the gold standard of diagnosis is immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining, but it has high requirements for diagnostic reagents, equipment and implementation, and also has certain clinical limitations. Therefore, clinical diagnosis is usually made through medical history investigation, physical examination, clinical symptoms, laboratory examination, and imaging examination. Once the disease is suspected, typical samples of cat patients, such as chest/abdominal effusion and abdominal lymph nodes, will be taken for antigen nucleic acid detection.

研究显示，人类新型冠状肺炎病毒可以感染猫咪，荧光定量结果显示猫咪口咽试纸和粪样的新冠病毒N基因为阳性。猫咪表现为典型的上呼吸道症状，咳嗽、鼻塞、呼吸困难等。不仅猫，猫科动物中的狮子老虎也有感染新冠的报导。不过无需恐慌，目前还没有猫科动物感染新冠后再次感染人的报道。

Studies have shown that the human novel coronavirus can infect cats, and fluorescence quantitative results have shown that the oral pharyngeal test paper and fecal samples of cats were positive for the N gene of novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Cats exhibit typical upper respiratory symptoms, such as cough, nasal congestion, and difficulty breathing. Not only cats, but also lions and tigers of the feline species have been reported infected with COVID-19. But there is no need to panic, as there have been no reports of feline infections reinfecting humans.

Part 3 ：猫疱疹病毒（Feline herpesvirus， FHV）和猫杯状病毒（Feline calicivirus，FCV）

猫上呼吸道感染是临床上常见的问题，导致该症状的病原有很多，主要的病毒性病原是猫疱疹病毒FHV和猫杯状病毒FCV，也称为“猫鼻支”，分布于世界各地。FHV是一种典型的O型疱疹病毒，含有双链DNA，具有包膜。FHV在宿主体外相对脆弱，而FCV是一种小的、无包膜的单链RNA病毒，能够在室温下干燥的表面上保持传染性长达一个月，在较冷的条件下甚至更长。与干燥环境相比，该病毒在潮湿环境中存活的时间更长。该病毒还可在跳蚤粪便中保持传染性长达数天，小猫可通过接触受感染的跳蚤或跳蚤粪便而感染FCV。

Feline upper respiratory tract infection is a common problem in clinical practice. There are many diseases that cause this symptom. The main viral pathogens are feline herpes virus FHV and feline calicivirus FCV, also known as “cat nasal rami,” which are found world-wide. FHV is a typical herpes O virus that contains double-stranded DNA and has an envelope. Whereas FHVS are relatively fragile outside the host, FCV is a small, unenveloped single-stranded RNA virus capable of remaining infectious for up to a month on dry surfaces at room temperature, and even longer in cooler conditions. The virus survives longer in wet conditions than in dry conditions. The virus can also remain infectious in flea feces for up to several days, and kittens can become infected with FCVS through contact with infected fleas or flea feces.

猫科动物，包括家猫、甚至猎豹和狮子均可感染FHV和FCV，尚没有人感染的证据。病毒主要通过接触鼻、眼、咽喉的分泌物传播。2015.1月-2017.2月期间，在中国农业大学动物医院取412份有相关症状患猫的样本检测结果表明，单一感染FHV的流行率为26.3%，单一感染FCV的流行率为46.3%。

Felines, including domestic cats and even cheetahs and lions, can be infected with FHV and FCVS, but there is no evidence of human infection. The virus is spread mainly through contact with secretions from the nose, eyes and throat. From January 2015 to February 2017, 412 samples of cats with related symptoms were collected from the Animal Hospital of China Agricultural University. The results showed that the prevalence of FHV infection was 26.3%, and that of FCV infection was 46.3%.

FHV病毒最早在感染后24小时开始排出，并持续3周。急性发病期在1至几天内消退。一些动物的上呼吸道和眼部组织可能出现慢性病变。感染后，病毒沿感觉神经扩散并到达神经元，特别是三叉神经节，这是潜伏期的主要部位。几乎被感染的猫都成为终生潜伏病毒携带者，即当出现免疫抑制或者抵抗力下降时，患猫会出现临床症状并且排毒。感染FHV患猫的临床症状主要表现为急性上呼吸道和眼部疾病，这种病在小猫身上尤其严重。病毒复制引起患猫黏膜表面糜烂和溃疡，导致鼻炎、结膜炎，偶有角膜溃疡性疾病； FHV是引起角膜溃疡的最重要原因。

The excretion of FHV virus begins as early as 24 hours after infection and lasts for 3 weeks. The acute phase resolves in 1 to a few days. Some animals may develop chronic lesions in the upper respiratory tract and eye tissues. After infection, the virus spreads along the sensory nerves and reaches neurons, particularly the trigeminal ganglion, which is the main site of incubation. Almost all infected cats become latent carriers for life, showing clinical symptoms and detoxifying when immunosuppression or a decline in resistance occurs. The main clinical manifestations of FHV infection in cats are acute upper respiratory tract and eye disease, which is especially severe in kittens. Viral replication causes mucosal surface erosion and ulceration in cats, leading to rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and occasionally corneal ulcerative disease. FHV is the most important cause of corneal ulcers.

猫可通过鼻腔、口腔或结膜途径感染FCV。口咽是复制的主要部位。短暂性病毒血症发生在感染后3至4天，此时病毒可在许多其他组织中检测到。这种病毒会导致上皮细胞坏死：通常在舌头上的小泡会发展成溃疡；受累区黏膜浸润中性粒细胞。愈合通常需要2 – 3周。感染FCV患猫的临床症状主要表现为急性口腔和上呼吸道症状，但也与慢性龈口炎有关，后者被认为是一种免疫介导的疾病。临床感染结果可能因FCV毒株、受感染猫的年龄和饲养因素而有所不同。然在一些病例中感染是亚临床的，但在许多其他病例中，有典型的舌溃疡综合征和相对轻微的急性呼吸道疾病。

Cats can be infected with FCV through the nasal, oral, or conjunctival routes. The oropharynx is the main site of replication. Transient venereal toxemia occurs 3 to 4 days after infection, when the virus can be detected in many other tissues. The virus causes epithelial cells to die: vesicles, usually on the tongue, develop into ulcers; mucosal infiltration of neutrophils occurs in the affected area. Healing usually takes 2-3 weeks. The clinical symptoms in cats infected with FCVS are mainly acute oral and upper respiratory symptoms, but are also associated with chronic gingivitis, which is considered an immune-mediated disease. Clinical infection outcomes may vary depending on the FCV strain, the age of the infected cat, and breeding factors. Although in some cases the infection is subclinical, in many others there is a typical tongue ulcer syndrome and relatively mild acute respiratory illness.

对FHV和FCV 的诊断主要基于临床症状，以及上呼吸道的病原核酸检测，当然，其他病原如支原体等也是引起上呼吸道疾病的重要病原菌，常与FHV及FCV 合并感染，使临床诊断更加复杂，当治疗不及时或者效果不佳时，可能会引起更加严重的疾病，如慢性鼻炎等。

The diagnosis of FHV and FCVS is mainly based on clinical symptoms and the detection of pathogenic nucleic acid of upper respiratory tract. Of course, other pathogens such as mycoplasma are also important pathogens causing upper respiratory tract diseases. They are often co-infected with FHV and FCVS, which makes clinical diagnosis more complicated and may cause more serious diseases when treatment is not timely or the effect is not good. Such as chronic rhinitis.

预防FHV 和FCV 的最佳办法是接种疫苗，因此，各位“猫主子”们需积极了解疫苗接种的知识。需要强调的是，猫虽然可以感染狂犬病毒，并且可以通过抓咬传播给人类，但是通过猫感染给人类的几率非常小，因此，在常规免疫狂犬疫苗的情况下，通过猫咪感染狂犬病毒的可能性极低。即时如此，希望“猫奴”们与爱猫“亲密”时也保持适当的距离，以保证安全的公共卫生，同时，避免猫“公主”们的应激，减少疾病的发生及发展（部分视频来自于网络）。最后，对于猫咪常见疾病，我们可以从以下方面进行防护：1）对于有疫苗的及时接种疫苗；2）做好清洁工作，及时给猫咪洗澡；3）勤洗手，与猫咪互动之后要及时洗手；4）猫咪有了症状要及时就医。

The best way to prevent FHVS and FCVS is to vaccinate, so it is important for cat owners to actively learn about vaccination. It should be emphasized that although cats can be infected with the rabies virus and can transmit it to humans through scratching and biting, the chance of infection from cats to humans is very small. Therefore, under the circumstances of routine immunization against rabies vaccine, the possibility of infection from cats is extremely low. Even so, it is hoped that cat owners can keep a proper distance from their beloved cats, so as to ensure safe public health, avoid stressing the cat, and reduce the occurrence and development of diseases. Finally, you can protect cats from common diseases by: 1) Timely vaccination if vaccines are available; 2) Doing a good job of cleaning and bathing the cat; 3) Wash hands frequently after interacting with your cat; 4) Seeing a veterinarian if your cat has symptoms.

总编辑：牛立辰

文本：黄薇，张修忠

翻译：王晓佳

导演及编辑：杨雨桐

解说：杨雨桐