家畜动物病毒

我国经济的发展正处于高速上升阶段，带动了养殖业规模的不断壮大以及可观的经济效益，与此同时，家畜的多种病毒性传染病也如影随形，造成不同的程度的经济损失。猪瘟、口蹄疫、伪狂犬、流感、非洲马瘟、马疱疹等烈性传染病的威胁时刻存在。

目前全球的生猪存栏量大约是10亿头左右，是地球上数量最多的大型哺乳动物之一。除了作为人类食物的主要来源，“二师兄”家族还有不同类型的“工作猪”。角色一：伴侣小香猪。作为宠物，它们可以听懂人类的指令，具有一定的逻辑推理能力，给人们带来了无限的乐趣。角色二：抗病育种猪。我国种猪产业由于优良原种猪资源不足，导致原种猪进口陷入“引进、退化、再引进、再退化”的恶性循环。农业农村部发布《全国畜禽遗传改良计划（2021-2035年）》，作为国家层面启动的第二轮遗传改良计划，提出了面向2035年推进畜禽种业高质量发展的主攻方向，这是确保种源自主可控、打好种业翻身仗的一个重要行动。除了杂种优势，基因编辑克隆猪的出现也有助于提升资源创新利用，据报道，CD163双等位基因敲除猪能有效对抗猪蓝耳病毒的感染，新品系在未来畜牧生产领域具有广阔的应用前景；角色三：异种移植猪。由于猪在遗传背景、解剖学、生理病理学等方面与人类高度相似，因此可以作为人类疾病模型，或者进行基因编辑用于异种移植、挽救人类生命。猪传染性的主要病原体有细菌、病毒和寄生虫，其中非洲猪瘟、猪流行性腹泻、伪狂犬病等病毒性传染病对养猪业危害巨大，与人类生活质量以及健康安全息息相关。这些病毒是怎样感染动物的呢，对人类又有哪些直接或间接的威胁呢。

Part 1 ：猪冠状病毒（Pocine coronavirus，PCoV）

新冠肺炎疫情给全国人民都上了一堂传染病公共课，让大家都知道了冠状病毒。猪冠状病毒PEDV、SADS-CoV、PDCoV感染引致仔猪腹泻、脱水和剧烈呕吐，死亡率高达100%，是引起哺乳仔猪早期死亡的重要病原之一，对养猪业造成严重的经济损失。事实上，科学家在哺乳动物中发现冠状病毒发生多个物种跨跃，猪、牛、犬等动物冠状病毒外溢感染人均有报道，其中猪德尔塔冠状病毒PDCoV在过去十年里，引致海地患病儿童出现多例发热性疾病，除此之外，PEDV、SADS-CoV等猪冠状病毒也可感染人类细胞，具备向人类传播的潜力。

The COVID-19 epidemic has taught people all over the country a common lesson in infectious diseases, and informed everyone about coronavirus. Porcine coronaviruses PEDv, SADs-CoV, and PDCoV infections cause diarrhea, dehydration and severe vomiting in piglets, with a mortality rate of up to 100%. They are important pathogens causing the early death of suckling piglets, and cause serious economic losses to the pig industry. Furthermore, spillovers of coronavirus have been reported in pigs, cattle, dogs and other animals. Among them, the Porcine Delta Coronavirus PDCoV has caused many cases of febrile illness among children in Haiti over the past decade. Porcine coronaviruses such as PEDV and SAD-CoV can also infect human cells, and have the potential to spread to humans.

冠状病毒可通过空气飞沫、气溶胶、直接接触传播模式，亦可通过粪口传播污染环境、进而威胁整个动物生态圈（包括海洋生物），令人防不胜防。假如有猪排出了带病毒的粪便，病毒会随食物、饮用水、甚至飞沫或者气溶胶进入其它猪的胃肠道，病毒会干什么呢？它会拼命找寻细胞，比如小肠上皮绒毛细胞，然后拼命钻进去。相比于细胞，病毒的体积小得多，这就好比特洛伊战争时，木马攻城。小肠上皮细胞有细胞膜，好比城墙，这个守护是非常严密的，城墙里只有一些小洞，允许水或其它营养分子渗入进来。但像“病毒木马”这么大个东西想进入“细胞城市”，怎么办？用钥匙开锁。这把钥匙就是刺突蛋白，那“锁”是什么呢？“锁”就是“细胞城市”表面一些叫“受体”的东西。病毒一旦识别细胞表面特定的受体，就结合形成稳定的复合物粘附在细胞上，通过胞吞或者病毒囊膜-宿主细胞膜融合，病毒的遗传物质被释放到细胞质中。

Coronavirus can be transmitted through airborne droplets, aerosols, direct contact, or fecal-oral transmission to contaminate the environment and threaten the entire animal ecosystem (including marine life), making it extremely difficult to prevent. If a pig sheds fecal matter with the virus, the virus can enter the gastrointestinal tract of other pigs in food, drinking water, or even droplets or aerosols. What does the virus do? It desperately seeks out cells, like small intestinal epithelial villi, and then burrows in. A virus is much smaller than a cell, like a Trojan horse storming a city. The epithelial cells of the small intestine have a cell membrane, like a wall, which is very well guarded, with only small holes in the wall that allow water or other nutrients to penetrate. But what if something as big as a “virus Trojan horse” wants to enter the “cell city”? Use the key to open the lock. The key is the spike protein, but what is the lock? The locks are things called receptors on the surface of the cell city. Once the virus recognizes specific receptors on the cell surface, it binds to form stable complexes that adhere to the cell, and its genetic material is released into the cytoplasm through endocytosis or viral sache-host membrane fusion.

冠状病毒存在的唯一目的，也是生物的天然本性，就是繁殖复制！一条病毒RNA单链，在进攻细胞后，往往可以复制出几百万条，疯狂增加自己的数量。病毒RNA进入细胞后，搭载马达蛋白向着可以复制自己的细胞器前行，形成更多的子代病毒颗粒。虽然我们肉眼观察不到这些感染过程，但是有科学家借助于单病毒示踪技术成功解析了PEDV早期入胞及胞内转运的动态过程，实现了对PEDV入侵及运输轨迹的可视化追踪，让我们可以看到病毒在细胞内的运动轨迹。病毒不断在细胞内复制，终有一天，挤破细胞城市，这个小肠上皮绒毛细胞就被感染死掉了。病毒子孙后代大军，就会从溃烂的“城墙”中跑出来，进而疯狂感染另外的细胞。一番博弈后，仔猪会出现腹泻、呕吐，这些排泄物又感染下一头猪。

The sole purpose of the existence of coronaviruses, which is also the nature of living things, is to reproduce! A single strand of viral RNA, after attacking a cell, can make millions of copies, multiplying its numbers like crazy. Once the viral RNA enters the cell, it carries motor proteins to the organelles that can replicate themselves, forming progeny virions. Although these infection processes cannot be observed by naked eyes, some scientists have successfully analyzed the dynamic process of early PEDV entry and intracellular transport by using single-virus tracer technology, realizing the visual tracking of PEDV invasion and transport trajectory, and enabling us to see the movement of the virus in the cell. The virus keeps replicating inside the cell, and one day, it breaks through the cell city, and this small intestinal villus cell gets infected and dies. An army of viral progeny escape from the festering walls and infect other cells like crazy. Finally, the piglets develop diarrhea and vomiting, and these in turn infect the next pig.

目前因冠状病毒感染引起的猪腹泻无特效治疗方法，免疫接种是最主要预防措施，但是疫苗研制速度赶不上病毒变异的速度，因此防控难上加难，可采用对症处理以缓解病猪的症状。

At present, there is no specific treatment for swine diarrhea caused by coronavirus infection, and immunization is the main preventive measure. However, the speed of vaccine development cannot catch up with the speed of virus mutation, so prevention and control are difficult. Symptomatic treatment can be adopted to alleviate the symptoms of sick pigs.

Part 2 ：猪疱疹病毒（Pocine herpesvirus，PRV）

伪狂犬病是由伪狂犬病毒（Pseudorabies virus，PRV）引起的一种以发热、奇痒（尤其是猫、狗和小鼠）、脑脊髓炎为主要症状的急性传染病。PRV可感染多种家畜以及野生动物，是当前威胁养猪业的重要病原体之一，新生仔猪表现出神经症状及100%的死亡率，母猪感染后表现出繁殖障碍，肥育猪表现出呼吸系统疾病；其他易感动物感染后容易导致死亡。

Pseudorabies is an acute infectious disease caused by Pseudorabies virus (PRV), with fever, itching (especially in cats, dogs, and mice) and encephalomyelitis as the main symptoms. PRV can infect a variety of domestic animals and wild animals, and is one of the important pathogens threatening the pig industry. Newborn piglets show neurological symptoms and 100% mortality, sows show reproductive disorders after infection, and finishing pigs show respiratory diseases. Other susceptible animals are susceptible to death.

PRV是一种双链DNA包膜病毒，属于甲型疱疹病毒家族的水痘疱疹病毒，病毒呈圆形或椭圆形，直径为150-180 nm。PRV具有泛嗜性，可以在多种细胞系中繁殖，如猪PK15细胞系、牛MDBK细胞系、鸡胚成纤维细胞，以及猴Vero细胞系等，因此不难理解PRV具有跨种间传播能力。多少年以来，PRV并不被认为是人畜共患病，直到研究人员从患者脑脊液中分离得到一株PRV病毒（hSD-1/2019），这也提示人类和动物病毒之间没有坚不可摧的物种界限。PRV感染人的事例也提醒广大生猪养殖、屠宰等相关行业的从业人员要做好自我防护，避免伤口暴露等潜在感染风险。

PRV is a double-stranded DNA enveloped virus belonging to the varicella herpes virus of the herpes A family. The virus is round or oval in shape and 150-180 nm in diameter. PRV is pantropic and can reproduce in a variety of cell lines, such as the porcine PK-15 cell line, bovine MDBK cell line, chicken embryo fibroblast, and monkey Vero cell line, so it is not difficult to understand that PRV has the ability to spread across species. For many years, PRV was not considered zoonotic, until researchers isolated a strain of PRV from the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient, suggesting that there is no impregnable species barrier between human and animal viruses. Human PRV infection cases reminds the pig breeding, slaughtering, and related industries to do a good job of self-protection, and avoid wound exposure and other potential infection risks.

虽然目前猪疱疹病毒感染人类的病例不多，但潜在危害却不容忽视。2022年，美国马里兰大学将经基因改造的猪心移植入人体，异种器官免疫相容性等各项指标均良好，但患者最后死亡被证明与猪巨细胞病毒PCMV有关-这也是一种疱疹病毒。伴随着全球异种器官移植数量的增加和病毒不断进化变异的自然进程，跨物种传播危险需要高度关注。

Although there are few cases of swine herpes virus infecting humans, the potential harm cannot be ignored. In 2022, the University of Maryland transplanted a genetically modified pig heart into a human body. The xenogenic organ showed good immunocompatibility and other indicators, but the patient’s final death was proved to be related to porcine cytomegalovirus PCMV, which is also a herpes virus. With the increasing number of xenotransplantations worldwide and the natural process of virus evolution and mutation, the risk of cross-species transmission is of great concern.

科研人员利用单颗粒动态示踪等技术，实时揭示了单个PRV伪狂犬病毒在细胞中的动态过程。PRV是神经形态学领域研究的重要模式病毒，作为一种新兴的神经示踪剂，以其自我复制、跨突触、特异性传递的三大优势大大促进了神经学科的发展。

Using single particle dynamic tracer techniques, researchers have revealed the dynamic process of a single PRV virus in a cell in real time. PRV is an important model virus in the field of neuromorphology. As an emerging neural tracer, with its three advantages of self-replication, trans-synaptic transmission, and specific transmission, it has greatly promoted the development of neurology.

Part 3 ：非洲猪瘟病毒（African swine fever virus，ASFV）

非洲猪瘟病毒ASFV是一种核质大DNA病毒，是非洲猪瘟相关病毒科的唯一成员，可引起家猪和野猪的高度传染性急性出血热，致死率高达100%。2018年至2020年间，中国几乎所有省份都报告过ASFV疫情，为中国的猪肉行业造成了极大损失，很多小型企业快速倒闭。

ASFV is a nucleoplasmic large DNA virus, and is the only member of the African swine fever virus family. ASFV can cause highly infectious acute hemorrhagic fever in domestic pigs and wild boars, with a fatality rate of up to 100%. Between 2018 and 2020, ASFV outbreaks were reported in almost all provinces in China, causing great losses to the country’s pork industry and the rapid closure of many small enterprises.

非洲猪瘟病毒粒子直径大小为260 nm，相当于头发丝的三百分之一，是目前分辨率结构得到解析的最大病毒颗粒。ASFV是一种多层包被结构，具有特征性的多个膜和蛋白质层，从内到外依次为：包含基因组的核、核心壳、内膜、衣壳，以及外膜。其精巧的结构像一个“俄罗斯套娃”，层层嵌套外层衣壳保护着内部蛋白和核酸结构。研究表明ASFV可以通过多种途径进入宿主细胞。目前针对ASFV复制周期中关键环节的机制研究仍十分有限。

The diameter of the virus particle is 260 nm, which is equivalent to 1/3 of the size of a human hair. It is the largest virus particle whose structure has been analyzed. ASFV is a multilayer coated structure, with characteristic layers of membranes and proteins. These are, from the inside out: the nucleus containing the genome, the core shell, the inner membrane, the capsid, and the outer membrane. Its elaborate structure is like a Russian doll, with layers of nested outer capsids protecting internal protein and nucleic acid structures. Studies have shown that ASFV can enter host cells through a variety of pathways. At present, the understanding of the key mechanisms in the ASFV replication cycle is still limited.

生活中，我们应积极了解、宣传病毒防控知识，遵守相关规定不购买、携带未经检疫合格的肉类及其制品。此外，在生肉加工烹饪的过程中，还应注意生熟分开、烧熟煮透等基本卫生习惯，以免感染其他疾病。

In daily life, we should actively understand and publicize virus prevention and control, abide by relevant regulations, and not buy or carry meat or other agricultural products that have not passed quarantine. In addition, in the process of processing and cooking raw meat, we should pay attention to the basic hygiene habits of separating raw and cooked meat, and cooking thoroughly, so as to avoid infection.

Part 4 ：感染牛的病毒（The viruses that infect cattle）

在人类的文化中，牛被视作忠诚、勤劳的象征。农耕时代，家牛不仅是人类主要的畜力来源，还为人类源源不断地提供肉食、奶品和皮革等生活资源，甚至很长一段历史时期内，牛肉被视为“三牲”之首，是最高级别的祭品，并非寻常食用之物。如今养牛以肉用和奶用为主，甚至可作为宠物饲养。不同于我们的印象中的“牛高马大”，在印度的喀拉拉邦，就有一头叫做曼尼齐耶曼的母牛，它6岁时的身高也只有61.5厘米，因此被吉尼斯世界纪录认证为世界上最小的牛。这种微型瘤牛的牛奶脂肪含量高达8%，是普通牛奶的两倍以上，真的是浓缩就是精华呀！目前全球仅剩60只，已经濒临灭绝了，很多民众号召把微型瘤牛当成宠物养，这样可能就会延缓、甚至避免灭绝。还有一种宠物界的新宠–高地牛牛，他们的毛皮是双层的，外层是油性的让雨水滑落，内层毛茸茸的遮蔽着身体。他们最初来自苏格兰高地和西部小岛，已经很好地适应了当地的强风、大雨和通常更为凉爽的天气

In human culture, cattle are regarded as a symbol of loyalty and hard work. In the farming era, domestic cattle were not only the main source of animal power for human beings, but also provided an endless supply of resources, such as meat, milk, and leather. Over a long historical period, beef was regarded as the first of the “three animals” and was the highest level of sacrifice, rather than an ordinary food. Today cattle are raised mainly for meat and milk, and can even be kept as pets. Maniziyeman, a cow in Kerala, India, is the smallest cow in the world. At the age of 6, she is only 61.5 centimeters tall, and she has been certified by the Guinness World Records. The milk of this mini cattle contains up to 8% fat, which is more than twice as much as normal cow’s milk. With only 60 left in the world, the mini cattle is considered endangered. Many people are calling for these cows to be kept as pets, so they will not go extinct. Then there is a new breed of pet, the Highland ox, whose coat is double layered, with an oily outer layer that lets the rain slide off and a furry inner layer that hides the body. Originally from the Highlands of Scotland and the small Western Isles, they are well adapted to strong winds, heavy rain, and cool weather.

养牛的前景是比较广阔的，但是养殖不容易，口蹄疫、牛病毒性腹泻等多种病毒性传染病的爆发流行或者反复流行，不仅影响产肉品质和质量，严重时还会造成死亡。牛病毒性腹泻是由黄病毒科的牛病毒性腹泻病毒（Bovine Viral Diarhea Virus，BVDV）引起的传染病，以黏膜发炎、糜烂、坏死和腹泻等特征为主。各种年龄的牛都易感染，以幼龄牛易感性最高。病牛的分泌物、排泄物、血液和脾脏等都含有病毒。

Raising cattle is relatively wide-spread, but breeding is not easy. Foot-and-mouth disease, bovine viral diarrhea, and outbreaks of other viral infectious diseases and even repeated epidemics not only affect the quality and quality of meat, but also cause death in serious cases. Bovine Viral Diarrhea is an infectious disease caused by Bovine Viral Diarhea Virus (BVDV), of the flavivirus family, which is characterized by mucosal inflammation, erosion, necrosis, and diarrhea. Cattle of all ages are susceptible to infection, and young cattle are the most susceptible. The secretions, excreta, blood, and spleen of infected cattle all contain viruses。

牛口蹄疫是由口蹄疫病毒（Foot and Mouth Disease Virus，FMDV）引起的急性、热性、接触性传染病，临床特征是口腔粘膜、乳房和蹄部出现水泡。牛犊多数不出现水疱特征，表现为出血性肠炎及心肌麻痹、突然死亡、且死亡率非常高。FMDV主要侵犯牛、羊和猪等家畜，也可感染人，患者主要症状表现为突然发热、头痛及全身不适等症状，在口、咽喉部位和手部会出现很大的水疱。好在口蹄疫、牛病毒性腹泻都有疫苗可以使用，为控制本病的流行并加以消灭，必须采取检疫、隔离、净化、预防等兽医防治措施。

Bovine foot-and-mouth disease is an acute, febrile, contact infectious disease caused by Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV). It is clinically characterized by blisters in the mucosa of the mouth, breast and hoof. Most calves do not develop the characteristic blisters, but develop instead hemorrhagic enteritis and myocardial paralysis, and experience sudden death. There is very high mortality from this disease. FMDV mainly affects livestock such as cattle, sheep and pigs. It can also infect humans. The main symptoms of FMDV are sudden fever, headache, and general malaise, including large blisters in the mouth, throat and hands. Fortunately, foot-and-mouth disease bovine viral diarrhea vaccine can be used in order to control this disease. To eliminate the disease in herds, breeders must take quarantine, isolation, purification, prevention, and other veterinary prevention measures.

Part 5 ：感染马的病毒（The viruses that infect equines）

马被人类驯化以来，在漫长的发展过程中，由于各地区自然环境的影响和不同时期社会经济发展的需要，马的用途经历了肉用、乳用、农业生产、交通运输、军事和运动娱乐等多个阶段交替或互相融合的过程。现代马业的主要特点是马匹以非役用为主，包括赛马、马术和体育娱乐等。猪马牛羊四大牲畜中，马肉没有防疫检、口感不够好、饲养成本高（饲料报酬率低），加之马为人类文明作出了杰出贡献，美国民众抗议食用马肉，即使中国餐桌上也很少见到马肉。

ince the domestication of the horse by human beings, due to the influence of the natural environment in various regions and the different human social and economic needs in different locations and periods, horses have been used for, alternately or simultaneously, meat, milk, agricultural production, transportation, the military, and sports and entertainment. The main feature of the modern horse industry is that horses are mainly used for non-working purposes, including horse racing, equestrianism, and sports entertainment. Among the four major livestock animals, horse meat has no quarantine inspection, poor taste, and high feeding cost (low feed rate), but horses have made outstanding contributions to human civilization. The American people protest against eating horse meat, and Chinese dining tables rarely see horse meat.

咱们先直击全世界最帅的马，佛里斯成年公马“腓特烈二世”（Frederick），有着油亮的皮毛和长长的波浪状鬃毛，它霸气的名字和黝黑俊朗的外表为它赢得了广泛的关注。这里还有世界上最知名的小矮马，其中设特兰矮马性格温顺，聪明而好动，虽在性情上有点小固执，但正确调教后亦很顺从且容易调遣，适合儿童乘骑，也是很好的宠物马种。。此外，法拉贝拉矮马是世界上最小的马品种，从地面到马肩隆高度不超过81厘米。这些矮马毛色有多种颜色，如黑毛、栗毛、青毛、沙毛、斑毛、花毛、银鬃、银河、兔褐等。非洲马瘟、马疱疹、马流感等烈性传染病的感染时刻存在，甚至威胁人类健康。

The most handsome horse in the world, Frederick II, is a full-grown Frisian gelding with a shiny coat and long wavy mane, who has won a lot of attention for his powerful name and swarthy good looks. The world’s most famous pony breed, the Shetland pony, has a docile character, and is smart and active, although a little stubborn in temperament. With correct training the Shetland pony very obedient and easy to handle, suitable for children to ride, also a good pet horse. The Farabella pony is the smallest horse breed in the world, no more than 81 centimeters from the ground to the withers. These ponies have a variety of colors, such as black, brown, chestnut, sand-colored, and spotted.

非洲马瘟（African horse sickness，AHS），由AHS病毒引起的马属动物的急性或亚急性虫媒传染病，病死率高达95%。世界动物卫生组织OIE将其列为法定报告疫病，我国将其列为一类动物疫病。非洲马瘟主要通过吸血昆虫如库蠓等虫媒叮咬传播。2022年，美国加利福尼亚州爆发严重的马疱疹病毒I型（equid herpesvirus-1，EHV-1）疫情，两匹马实施安乐死，超过300多匹马被隔离。EHV-1一旦感染，可终生潜伏感染，病马和康复带毒马是本病的传染源，康复带毒马由于断奶、运输等应激因素，潜伏的病毒会再次激活、发病。马流感（equine influenza）在世界范围内广泛流行，在马匹中间传播迅速，是一种高传染性呼吸道疾病，对马业造成巨大影响和损失。2007年澳大利亚发生马流感疫情，导致停赛211场，2019年英国马流感疫情导致停赛一周多，这两次疫情均造成巨大经济损失。2022年美国科罗拉多州马流感疫情，导致马身体虚弱甚至死亡，调查显示病毒毒株为H3N8亚型。

African horse sickness, equine herpes, horse influenza and other severe infectious diseases plague horses, and even threaten human health. African Horse Sickness (AHS) is an acute or subacute insect-borne disease caused by the AHS virus, with a fatality rate of up to 95%. World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) has listed it as a legal epidemic disease of animal health, and our country has listed it as an epidemic animal disease. African horse sickness is mainly transmitted through the bites of blood-sucking insects such as culicoides. In 2022, a severe equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) outbreak in California led to the euthanization of two horses and the quarantine of more than 300 horses. Once infected, EHV-1 can be latent for life. Sick horses and rehabilitated horses are the source of infection of the disease. Due to weaning, transportation and other stress factors, the latent virus will be reactivated and develop into disease. Equine influenza is a highly infectious respiratory disease that is widespread around the world and spreads rapidly among horses. It causes great losses to the horse industry. The equine flu outbreak in Australia in 2007, which resulted in a suspension of 211 horse races, and the equine flu outbreak in England in 2019, which resulted in a suspension of more than a week, both caused significant financial losses. The 2022 equine influenza outbreak in Colorado, USA, which caused weakness and even death in horses, revealed that the virus strain was H3N8 subtype.

2011年澳大利亚连续通报发生3起可致人死亡的马传播病毒疫情，接触过染病马匹的潜在感染者因此被实行隔离检查。这种病毒名为亨德拉病毒，又名马麻疹病毒，经由马匹传染给人类，致人出现致命呼吸系统病症，可能出现高烧、咳嗽、头痛、疲倦等流行性感冒症状，重症者可能罹患脑炎。

In 2011, Australia reported three consecutive outbreaks of the equine-borne virus, which can kill humans, leading to the quarantine of potential infected people who had contact with infected horses.The Hendra virus, also known as equine measles virus, is transmitted from horses to humans. It causes fatal respiratory symptoms in humans, including high fever, cough, headache, fatigue, and encephalitis in severe cases.

由农业农村部、国家体育总局联合印发的《全国马产业发展规划（2020—2025年）》发布，确立了我国马产业发展的路线图、时间表，标志着马产业正式进入国家部署，马业发展进入了快车道。

The National Equine Industry Development Plan (2020-2025), jointly issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and the General Administration of Sport of China, has established a roadmap and timetable for the development of the equine industry, meaning that the development of the equine industry has entered the fast lane.

总编辑：牛立辰

文本：王警，王晓佳

翻译：王晓佳

导演及编辑：牛立辰

解说：雷逸雪